ISSN 1794-1237 e-ISSN 2463-0950 Editorial Assistant María Fernanda Pérez Atehortúa, Universidad EIA, Colombia. Design and diagramming Revista EIA María Fernanda Pérez Atehortúa, Universidad EIA, Colombia. Editor in chief Revista EIA Ricardo León Restrepo Arango, Universidad EIA, Colombia
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Impacto de minerales arcillosos en propiedades petrofísicas de los reservorios de areniscas: estudio comparativo en las cuencas de la cordillera oriental y el valle medio del Magdalena (Colombia)
El objetivo de este estudio es examinar cómo la mineralogía influye en las propiedades petrofísicas, especialmente la porosidad y permeabilidad, de posibles reservorios de arenisca en Colombia. Busca comprender de manera integral cómo la presencia de minerales arcillosos afecta la calidad general de los reservorios de hidrocarburos en el país. Se recolectaron muestras de areniscas de reservorios en varios afloramientos en las cuencas de la Cordillera Oriental y el Valle del Magdalena Medio. Se realizó un análisis detallado de la mineralogía y características petrográficas de las muestras mediante diversas técnicas analíticas como microscopía de luz transmitida, difracción de rayos X y microscopía electrónica de barrido. La porosidad y permeabilidad se midieron utilizando equipos automatizados de permeametría y porosimetría. La composición predominante de las rocas de los reservorios analizados comprende cuarzo (45-50%), feldespato (35-40%) y arcillas (10-20%). Estas rocas se clasificaron en dos grupos distintos según su permeabilidad (K) y porosidad (Φ), que van desde 0.009 hasta 29.220 mD y del 1,88 al 20,75%, respectivamente. La presencia de ilita se correlacionó con una reducción tanto en la porosidad como en la permeabilidad, destacando su impacto negativo en la calidad del reservorio. Por el contrario, una concentración elevada de caolinita se asoció con una porosidad y permeabilidad favorables. Las muestras con sericitización de feldespato demostraron una calidad de almacenamiento de hidrocarburos inferior. Este estudio proporciona una comprensión más profunda de cómo la mineralogía afecta las propiedades petrofísicas de los reservorios de arenisca en Colombia. Estos hallazgos son cruciales para guiar las estrategias de exploración y producción en la industria petrolera colombiana, especialmente en entornos geológicos desafiantes como los estudiados.
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Design of virtual learning object (OVA) for the analysis of conservation laws in hadron collisions.
For the disciplinary training of the undergraduate student in Physics at the Francisco José de Caldas District University, it is essential to understand and analyze the concepts of collision and disintegration of relativistic particles and the conservation laws that govern them, these are immersed within the area of modern physics and quantum mechanics, mandatory core subjects belonging to the 7th and 8th semester curriculum, the aforementioned contents are challenging due to their abstract and complex nature, therefore the need emerges to provide tools that energize and strengthen the interpretation, analysis and therefore the memory fixation of said concepts, which with visual and interactive aids such as Virtual Learning Objects (OVA) provide greater flexibility in teaching and learning. For this, a virtual learning object is designed using the ADDIE instructional model: (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation) which has a constructivist model that shows the interactions of collisions and decay between particles constituted by the first generations of the model. standard and that give rise to the SU(3) symmetries, the hadrons; Taking bubble chamber experiments as a starting point as a tool that helps solve this abstract nature, this work contemplates the first two stages of the ADDIE model.
Implementation of a 3D Convolutional Neural Network Predictive Model for the Transition from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer’s Disease using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Images
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological disorder that causes loss of autonomy and memory in people who suffer from it. Due to the increase in cases of this disease and the lack of accuracy of diagnostic tools, new tools capable of addressing this issue are being developed. The main objective of this research work is to implement a three-dimensional convolutional neural network model with AlexNet3D type base structure to predict the possible diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). from the analysis of magnetic resonance images, using as an early stage mild cognitive impairment syndrome (MCI). The construction phases of the project will be explained, divided into database selection, feature selection, data processing, model development for training and validation, and finally, results obtained from prediction tests. With this it was possible to obtain a percentage of 72,222 %, allowing the K-Net95 model to be cataloged as a stable and efficient network, despite the computational limitations to which the project was limited.
Three-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network
Modeling and parametrization of an adsorption column for nickel removal using computer-aided process engineering
Heavy metals are pollutants that are generated by different activities, one of which is the dumping of wastewater by industries into bodies of water, which represents a great threat to aquatic and terrestrial biota, as well as health. These contaminants are persistent, bioaccumulative and non-biodegradable, generating a negative effect on the food chain in the area of influence. Nickel is a heavy metal that is used in different types of industries such as battery production. This generates different harmful effects on the human body, such as the cardiovascular or digestive system when exposed in large quantities. The objective of the present study is to use Computer Aided Process Engineering (CAPE) to model an operational column on an industrial scale aimed at the adsorption of Nickel (II) in aqueous solution taking advantage of the biomass of Theobroma cacao L. Consequently, Aspen Adsorption software was used to carry out multiple simulations of an adsorption column using various industrial configurations, with the aim of performing a parametric sensitivity analysis. In the results obtained, it is evident that the Langmuir model - global linear resistance kinetic model (LDF) used to simulate the adsorption column in the elimination of Nickel (II) achieves efficiencies of up to 95.8%. The best conditions for the simulation in the adsorption column were an inlet flow rate of 300 m3/day, a bed height of 5 m and an initial concentration of 2000 mg/L. Furthermore, it was observed that increasing the inlet flow led to a decrease in the rupture and saturation time of the process, while increasing the bed height presented an increase in the rupture and saturation time. On the other hand, concentration did not significantly affect the efficiency of the process.
Síntesis y caracterización del superconductor Eu3Ba5Cu8O18-δ dopado con 0.1% de óxido de Grafeno
Esta investigación presenta la síntesis y evaluación de las propiedades estructurales y morfológicas del superconductor Eu3Ba5Cu8O18-δ dopado con un 0.1% de óxido de grafeno, utilizando el método de reacción de estado sólido. El análisis estructural realizado en las muestras, tanto en la no dopada como en la dopada, permitió identificar la fase principal como Eu3Ba5Cu8O18-δ (Eu358), con estructura ortorrómbica y grupo espacial Pmm2(25), manteniendo propiedades superconductoras en ambos casos. Además, se observó que el dopaje con óxido de grafeno dio lugar a la formación de una fase minoritaria de EuBa4Cu3O9 (Eu143), con estructura cúbica y grupo espacial P23(195). En cuanto a la caracterización morfológica, se evidenció que la muestra no dopada presenta agregados conformados por granos de tamaño no uniforme, con un tamaño medio con un tamaño medio de aproximadamente 97 µm. En contraste, la muestra dopada con un 0.1% de óxido de grafeno exhibe mejoras significativas en la uniformidad y límites de los granos, con un tamaño medio de alrededor de 141 µm. Estos resultados confirman la obtención de Eu3Ba5Cu8O18-δ con una fase superconductora del 73%, superando los porcentajes reportados previamente utilizando el método de reacción de estado sólido.
Business model from the industrial value chain: Case of bio packaging of cocoa residual biomass
In today’s increasingly competitive and dynamic business environment, the ability to adapt and innovate is the key to long-term success. In this context, well-defined business models not only function as compasses for companies or ventures toward profitability, but they are also tools that allow them to face the complexities of the market. Although frameworks have been proposed to guide the construction of these models, such as the traditional Canvas, a gap has been found in the scientific literature about the integration of this Canvas with industry-specific tools. This lack of integration can limit the effectiveness of business strategies and hinder the ability of companies to make the most of their potential. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to address this gap by adapting a method that allows a deep integration between a tool of the sector, in this case, the various stages of the industrial value chain with the blocks of the traditional Canvas model. To this end, the cross-analysis method was adapted, which eased the generation of a practical guide for the creation of business models that not only consider the intrinsic characteristics of the business but also the particularities of the industry in which they use. This guidance was applied to a venture focused on the commercialization of bio packaging made from cocoa waste and the results revealed key symbiotic relationships between the value proposition and all links in the industrial value chain, as well as the tactical integration of strategic collaborations at multiple stages of the value chain to ensure the operational viability of the business. It was also found that this integration can offer valuable insights for strategic planning and business strategy formulation.
Identification of pathogenic bacteria in meats: A Literature review and bibliometric analysis.
Introduction: Food poisoning caused by pathogenic bacteria present in meats is a growing public health problem. The main method for the identification of these pathogens is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Purpose: The purpose of this article is to review the bibliometrics of PCR as applied to the identification of pathogenic bacteria in meats. Methodology: Keywords are identified and search equation is structured in Scopus and WoS databases. Graph analysis was performed using the Bibliometrix, Sci2 Tool and Gephi tools, which are integrated in the R studio software, after which the tree of science metaphor was used.. Results: In the last 10 years, scientific production in areas focused on molecular biology has increased. The most outstanding topics are related to: contaminants and interferences in PCR, the importance of having internal amplification control sequences in PCR, as well as advances in the standardization of real-time PCR protocols. Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes stand out as the most investigated in meat matrices. The most used genes in the detection of Salmonella sp are staA, viaB and the sopE for species; for L. monocytogenes it is the hlyA gene. Conclusions: Some of the countries with the highest annual per capita meat consumption are the United States of America, Kuwait, Mexico, Argentina, Austria and Mongolia; however, only the United States of America ranks third in scientific productivity on the subject.
Gloria Isabel Gutiérrez de Piñerez-Ramírez
Predictive analytics for policymakers: Time-series forecasting for mental health
Mental health has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a matter of concern in international public health. In Colombia, specifically, the importance of mental health care, including the phenomenon of suicide, has been highlighted. In this regard, policymakers have sought alternatives to address or mitigate this issue. In this context, research becomes relevant regarding the development of tools that facilitate decision-making for governmental authorities, for example, through the formulation of forecasting models that enable the identification of trends and patterns of behaviour of suicide attempts. This paper contributes to this gap for the particular case of suicide attempts in the city of Medellín, Colombia, through the use of prescriptive analytics. This paper presents the fitting, validation and comparison of three different time series models, under minimum forecast error criteria. The compared models include parametric, Holt-Winters and Box-Jenkins approximations; and it is identified that, for the analysed data, the parametric model with cubic, seasonal and ARMA(0.5) components is the one with the lowest forecast error. The results indicate that this model manages to capture the trends of the phenomenon, and that it has a low level of error for the projection for nearby trends, but that it does not manage to respond to sudden changes in structure such as those that occurred in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Physicochemical characterization and environmental assessment of the juice produced during the extraction of ficus fibers (Furcraea sp)
There are many agroindustrial wastes that can provide one or more essential nutrients for plant growth. The present study deals with the characterization of fique juice, its environmental evaluation and an analysis of the requirements to be used as liquid fertilizer. The environmental impact was determined with the gray footprint was 377.9 ± 14.7 L/m3 of juice for chemical oxygen demand (COD); 255.3 ± 11.2 L/m3 of juice for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5); 29.6 ± 3.1 L/m3 of juice in phosphorus and 10.6 ± 1.8 L/m3 of nitrogen, indicating that its discharge would cause serious environmental damage. However, since it is organic, the capacity to biologically reduce the organic load was determined, reaching a percentage of 90% biodegradability in 55 hours, which indicates that it would be rapidly utilized by microorganisms. Finally, with the results of the physicochemical characterization and taking into account the NTC-ISO 5167 standard, the fique juice is classified as a non-humic liquid organic amendment or conditioner, although the concentrations of the macronutrients N, P2O5, K2O do not meet the minimum value, it is feasible that fique growers can move towards a circular economy by using fique juice as an amendment and fertilizer substitute in their own crops, complementing fertilization with organic fertilizer that can also be obtained from fique bagasse or another source.
Overcoming barriers to educational access: a prototype for remote capacitor study.
In many regions of our country, and the world, access to laboratory practice in physics and especially electromagnetics is limited. The lack of access to laboratories has significant consequences for students, including the loss of practical experience, limited learning opportunities and less development of technical skills. For this reason, a prototype is presented in this work that allows, remotely, to recognize the capacitor as an energy storage device. For this purpose, a three-phase methodology was followed: i) first, requirements gathering; ii) then, a use case diagram was elaborated to provide a vision of how users interact with the hardware; iii) finally, the services and functions that the program offers to the user were implemented. This facilitates the student the remote execution of the laboratory test, the data collection, its visualization, the downloading of the required graphs and the calculation of the experimental error. Thus, with the data obtained it was possible to determine the time Tau constant of charge and discharge of the capacitor and to study the behavior of its curves. This ratifies the capacitor as an efficient charge storage device and this conclusion can be reached remotely, this type of laboratory tests also promotes a more accessible and inclusive education.
Implementation of subdivision method for calibration of e1 standard weights in the instituto nacional de metrología
The Colombian National Standard NTC 1848:2004 establish two methods for the calculation of mass and conventional mass of standard weights: direct comparison and subdivision. The standard indicates that the subdivision method is the most appropriate for calibration of weights class E1 because it allows the highest level of accuracy and the required uncertainties for this kind of weights, but it is mathematically and experimentally more complex compared with the direct comparison method. This article presents the results of implementation of subdivision method for the calibration of weights class E1 in the mass laboratory of Instituto Nacional de Metrología de Colombia (INM). The measurement results in the range from 10 g to 1 kg are compared with mass values reported by internationally recognized metrology institutes in order to demonstrate the degree of equivalence between them. The results shows an improvement of the Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMC) of mass laboratory compared with the values published in the Key Comparison Data Base (KCDB) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)
Optical properties of metal oxide nanoparticles: UV-Vis study of CuO and MnO2 NPs.
In recent years, interest has been found by the scientific community in studying nanoparticles (NPs) and exploring the vast diversity of applications they have, even as an alternative to materials used conventionally. A key step in the study of nanoparticles is the analysis of their optical properties, since these reveal information on their stability, purity, and interactions with UV-vis radiation, and help to confirm the identity of the nature of the nanoparticles. In this project, samples of copper and manganese oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and studied, with the aim of understanding key points in the behaviour of these. Observed peaks on UV-Vis spectra allowed to confirm the identity of the nanoparticles produced, with results showing high stability for CuO NPs synthesized in water and methanol; MnO2 NPs were found to be unstable in water, due to nanoparticle agglomeration. The analysis of surface plasmon resonance peaks showed the presence of oxidation reactions during the ablation process. Estimated band gap values were 5,44 and 3,77 eV, for CuO and MnO2 nanoparticles respectively, which rules out any possible application of these NPs as semiconductor materials. CuO nanoparticles have a potential application as an antibacterial material, due to its high stability in water and copper’s natural cytotoxicity.
Market research and technological surveillance of hass avocado and its derivatives
The Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill) has become one of the most important agricultural products in Colombia, significantly increasing its production in recent years. Its properties and characteristics, mainly by its oil content compared to other varieties, as well as the composition of its peel and seed, generate high demands for the plant material in fresh and derived products in international markets. The purpose of this article is to present a technological and commercial perspective for the Hass avocado agro-industrial chain in Colombia, through technological surveillance of the pulp, seed and peel, market research and a global overview of consumption trends, which will generate possible applications and opportunities for the Hass avocado chain. It was found that in 2022 Colombia ranked seventh in terms of the number of tons of fresh avocado exported. This figure experienced growth starting in 2018. Colombia's growing participation in avocado exports highlights the quality of its products, the improvement in the organization of the production chain and the capacity to adapt to global market trends, positioning the country strategically to take advantage of emerging opportunities in the avocado industry. In terms of technological surveillance, the predominant CPC code for the disclosure of patents related to avocado, including seed and peel, is A61K8/922. This code focuses on hygiene in the field of medical or veterinary sciences, as well as on preparations intended for medical use, especially oils, fats or waxes of vegetable origin. This analysis highlights the various possibilities of incorporating Hass avocado in different product formulations, evidencing its promising incursion into different global markets.
Análisis de sustratos aceptados para la co-digestión anaeróbica en la PTAR de Straubing, Alemania
La adopción de nuevas formas de producción energética es uno de los retos que enfrentan los países a nivel mundial debido al progresivo agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles. En ese sentido, la digestión conjunta de residuos orgánicos en Plantas de Tratamiento de Agua Residual (PTAR) ha ganado gran aceptación, pues ofrece una alternativa para usar diferentes tipos de biomasa para satisfacer necesidades energéticas y ayuda en la gestión de residuos y recuperación de nutrientes. Sin embargo, aceptar sustratos adicionales para la co-digestión, supone estudios fisicoquímicos minuciosos, puesto que sus características pueden influir tanto en la estabilidad del proceso como en la calidad y producción del biogás. En concordancia con lo anterior, el presente trabajo implementó el método de estudio de caso a través del análisis descriptivo para evaluar los sustratos aceptados para la co-digestión anaeróbica en la PTAR de Straubing en Alemania (SER GmbH). Como resultado, se encontró que las grasas flotantes (C1) y la leche con inhibidores (C5) fueron los sustratos que presentaron mayor producción de biogás por unidad de masa tratada, 90 % por encima de los residuos de destilación y 70 % sobre los lodos crudos. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de seleccionar cuidadosamente los sustratos para la co-digestión en las PTAR, destacando la posibilidad de aprovechar recursos potenciales, como los evaluados en este estudio, para aumentar la eficiencia en la producción de biogás y, por lo tanto, promover una transición más efectiva hacia fuentes de energía sostenible en el contexto global. La PTAR de Straubing en Alemania se convierte así en un ejemplo de las posibilidades que ofrece la co-digestión en la generación de energía sostenible y la gestión de residuos. La inclusión de grasas flotantes y leche con inhibidores como sustratos exitosos ilustra cómo la investigación y la implementación cuidadosa pueden optimizar el rendimiento de estas instalaciones.
planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (ptar)
Impacto del uso del suelo urbano en la calidad fisicoquímica del agua de escorrentía superficial en una cuenca urbana
Los crecientes procesos de expansión urbana han generado diversas alteraciones en las propiedades bioquímicas y físicas de los sistemas hidrológicos en las cuencas, puesto que además de modificar las condiciones hidrológicas del territorio, incorporan múltiples contaminantes a los cuerpos de agua. De esta manera, la contaminación difusa resultante de la escorrentía de aguas pluviales, es considerada como una de las principales causas de la degradación de la calidad del agua en las fuentes receptoras en zonas urbanas, lo cual es particularmente relevante en regiones lluviosas como el trópico suramericano donde los procesos de desarrollo y gestión urbana son poco planificados. Este artículo presenta los resultados de la evaluación de la relación entre el uso del suelo y la calidad de las aguas de escorrentía, considerando además diferentes características de la lluvia. Los muestreos se realizaron en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia en zonas con diferente uso del suelo. Se estudiaron parámetros básicos de calidad del agua, además de algunas fuentes de contaminación urbana. Los resultados mostraron que parámetros como los sólidos suspendidos totales presentaron alta variabilidad, especialmente en la zona residencial, ocasionando así una complejidad en el control de las actividades que allí se desarrollan. Por otra parte, los mayores niveles de contaminación observados se encontraron en la zona industrial, donde la presencia de coberturas con muy baja o nula permeabilidad y el aumento de la actividad antrópica generan una fuerte alteración en la calidad de las aguas de escorrentía. Estos resultados abren la puerta a cuestionamientos en cuanto al impacto del uso del suelo en la composición química de las aguas pluviales y promueven una mejor comprensión de los procesos de contaminación del agua de escorrentía superficial y por ende una visión más completa de las interacciones que se presentan en un ecosistema urbano, estableciendo una herramienta clave para la gestión hídrica en las cuencas urbanas.
Assessment of indoor air microbial load and microclimatic conditions in the library of Nueva Granada Military University Campus
Fungal and bacterial bioaerosols have the potential to induce biodeterioration in books and archival materials stored within libraries through their metabolic processes. The progression of these processes is dependent on microclimatic factors, including relative humidity and temperature. At the national level, research on biodeterioration in libraries and investigations into bioaerosols in indoor environments have been limited. These topics are of great significance as they have an impact on both public health and book preservation. This study aims to determine the microbial load within the indoor air of the library situated on the campus of Universidad Militar Nueva Granada in Cajicá, Colombia. Simultaneously, it seeks to investigate the microclimatic conditions of this environment. We used a MAS-100 Eco air sampler with an airflow rate of 100 L/min for a duration of 2.5 minutes. Nutrient agar and rose Bengal were employed as culture media. The samples were incubated for 8 days, and colony counting was performed on Petri dishes. For fungal identification, we used lactophenol blue staining, and Gram staining was employed for bacterial classification. Microclimatic conditions were continuously monitored using a data logger equipped with a USB connection. The results revealed microbial loads ranging from 220 to 921 CFU/m³, with temperatures fluctuating between 18.2 and 18.6°C, and relative humidity levels within the range of 60.8% to 64.7%. The identification of fungal genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium, as well as both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, was successfully achieved. An interesting observation emerged, indicating a corresponding increase in the concentration of fungal aerosols as relative humidity levels rose. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that microclimatic conditions, especially relative humidity, may increase the risk of biodeterioration within the library.
Navegación autónoma reactiva de un robot móvil basada en aprendizaje profundo y comportamientos difusos
Objetivo: este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una arquitectura de control para la navegación autónoma reactiva de un robot móvil mediante la integración de técnicas de Deep Learning y comportamientos difusos basados en el reconocimiento de señales de tráfico. Materiales: la investigación utilizó transfer learning con la red Inception V3 como base para entrenar una red neuronal en la identificación de señales de tráfico. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo utilizando un Donkey-Car, un robot móvil de código abierto tipo Ackermann, con limitaciones computacionales inherentes. Resultados: la implementación de la técnica de transfer learning arrojó un resultado satisfactorio, logrando una alta precisión del 96.2% en la identificación de señales de tráfico. No obstante, se encontraron desafíos debido a retrasos en los cuadros por segundo (FPS) durante las pruebas, atribuidos a la capacidad computacional limitada de la Raspberry Pi. Conclusiones: al combinar Deep Learning y comportamientos difusos, el estudio demostró la efectividad de la arquitectura de control en mejorar las capacidades de navegación autónoma del robot. La integración de modelos pre-entrenados y lógica difusa proporcionó adaptabilidad y capacidad de respuesta a escenarios de tráfico dinámicos. Investigaciones futuras podrían centrarse en optimizar los parámetros del sistema y explorar aplicaciones en entornos más complejos para avanzar aún más en las tecnologías de robótica autónoma e inteligencia artificial.
Evaluation of the production of red tilapia (oreochromis sp) reared with biofloc technology
Aquaculture is an activity aimed at producing and fattening organisms under controlled conditions of species developed in the aquatic environment, with biofloc technology being a viable alternative, taking advantage of organic and inorganic waste through heterotrophic microorganisms present in the water and making better use of water resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp) reared in a biofloc technology (TBF) system, using a descriptive non-experimental design employing a total of 5000 fingerlings with an average initial size of 1.5 cm and weight of 0.6 g, constantly monitoring physicochemical parameters (pH, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, sedimentation, dissolved oxygen, and temperature). Aspects such as weight gain (WG), Total feed intake (TF), Daily intake (DA), Feed conversion factor (FCR) were measured. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters of the water in this system are within the recommended ranges for tilapia culture. It was observed that in some weeks during the growth of the fish there was a low feed conversion ratio with values of 0.33, 0.35, 0.53, 0.67, 0.79, 0.91, 0.99, thus influencing the reduction of production costs, taking into account that the closer the FCA is to zero the greater the efficiency of feed use, so in this case the implementation of the system was not optimal (by volume of production) because there was not a low index throughout the growing season, generating profitability problems.
Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Medellín- Bogotá tunnel: Assessment of risk exposure
Tunnels are civil constructions which allow to overcome the mountainous areas. However, the traffic which pass through these structures emits PM 2.5, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), among other air pollutants, which may accumulate inside tunnels and triggers pulmonary, carcinogenic and reproductive effects, increasing the risk for workers and those who transit periodically. Thereby, ventilation systems in Tunnel, the predominant type of vehicle, thermal conditions and protection elements, play an important role in risk reduction. In this paper, we carried out an analysis of total PAHs by photoelectric method in the exterior and interior of the Medellín-Bogotá tunnel (260 meters long) and their speciation by GC/MS. The levels of total PAHs were applied in an inhalation intake risk model (Ia) for workers and periodical passersby. The results indicate levels 2.7 times higher inside the tunnel compared to outside. Also, 13 PAHs were found associated with particulate matter adhered to the tunnel walls, including the presence of Benzo[a]pyrene, which exhibits carcinogen effects. Furthermore, the Ia showed a value of 1.6 μg.(kg.day)-1 which is 7.7 times higher than the exposure values for population of the Valle de Aburrá during atmospheric contingencies. The analyzes indicate that the exposure time (tEa) is the variable with the greatest influence on the risk, and therefore, in long tunnels, the periodic traffic will represent a greater risk. In spite preliminary results, those allow us to visualize future effects due to exposure to PAHs and biomagnification of the impact of PAHs due to inadequate washing for tunnels. Furthermore, the requirement for efficient ventilation systems and protective elements should be done to reduce risk exposure.
¿Qué elementos inciden en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes colombianos? Un enfoque multinivel
Objetivo: analizar los factores que influyen en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes en Colombia, considerando tanto las características individuales como los factores relacionados con la institución educativa. Metodología: se utilizó un modelo econométrico jerárquico para anidar los datos en diferentes niveles, y se emplearon los resultados individuales de las pruebas Saber 11° del Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluación de la Educación para ambos semestres de 2021. Resultados: indican que la naturaleza del colegio (público o privado) es un factor clave en el desempeño de los estudiantes, explicando casi el 11% de las diferencias entre colegios, a pesar de que los estudiantes que asisten a escuelas públicas tienen condiciones socioeconómicas, culturales y sociales más bajas que los que asisten a escuelas privadas, aún existe una brecha significativa en el rendimiento académico que no puede ser explicada en su totalidad. Conclusión: se observó que las escuelas privadas tienen más variabilidad en su efecto sobre el rendimiento de los alumnos, lo que indica que las características únicas de las escuelas privadas, como los derechos de admisión y los incentivos concedidos a los profesores, pueden influir en el rendimiento académico de los alumnos de forma más aleatoria.
Evaluación de la actividad enzimática extracelular en el río Aburrá-Medellín como respuesta a variaciones en la calidad del agua y el régimen de caudal
El río Aburrá-Medellín ha sido modificado debido a los procesos de urbanización de la cuenca, lo que ha afectado el perfil fisicoquímico del agua. Con el fin de identificar patrones en la actividad enzimática asociados a la variación en las condiciones fisicoquímicas y el régimen de caudal, se midió la actividad de las enzimas β-glucosidasa and fosfatasa, relacionadas con el metabolismo del carbono y el fósforo respectivamente, en el de agua y el biofilm. Para ello, se seleccionaron en nueve sitios de monitoreo con diferente grado de intervención antrópica, durante régimen de caudal bajo, medio y alto, asociado a la variabilidad meteorológica en la cuenca. La hipótesis planteada fue que el perfil fisicoquímico y el régimen de caudal afectan la actividad de ambas enzimas, tanto en el agua como en el biofilm, puesto que influyen en la concentración de nutrientes transportada por el río. Según los resultados obtenidos, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la actividad enzimática en régimen de caudales bajo, medio y alto, aunque se observó una mayor concentración de nutrientes en caudales bajos y medios respecto a caudales altos. Por otro lado, se observó que la concentración de nutrientes en el río cambió conforme el gradiente de urbanización en la cuenca, debido a las descargas de aguas residuales provenientes de los municipios densamente poblados. La actividad de ambas enzimas fue mayor en los sitios donde la concentración de nutrientes fue más alta, por el contrario, en los sitios de monitoreo localizados en la zona alta de la cuenca, donde la intervención antrópica y la concentración de nutrientes fue baja, se midieron las menores actividades enzimáticas, tanto en el agua como en el biofilm, en ese sentido, la actividad enzimática puede ser usada como un indicador de la salud del río Aburrá- Medellín y se sugiere incluir la medición de estas variables en el marco de la Red de Monitoreo RedRío.
Teaching computational thinking and its effects on children's executive functions
Teaching computational thinking in K-12 education has gained notable prominence in recent years. The main objective of these initiatives is not to teach programming from childhood but to strengthen the ability to reason, solve problems, and develop cognitive processes. For this reason, studying the cognitive effects and impacts that teaching computational thinking has on students has become a field of action with multiple challenges. Seeking to contribute to this new field of study, this pilot test evaluated the effect of a computational thinking training program on the executive functions of school-age children. The results showed that the intervention in computational thinking improved some tasks associated with the executive functions of inhibition, visuospatial working memory, and planning.
With the advent of natural language processing models, the way we usually refer to human language, of Large Language Models (LLM) type, such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), Language Model for Dialogue Applications (LaMDA), Large Language Model Meta Artificial Intelligence (LLaMA), or the so called Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT), users and the general public are beginning to generate any number of speculations and expectations about how far thy can go, and are also starting to explore new ways of use, some realistic, others creative, and others verging on fantasy. Computational Thinking is no exception to this trend. This is why it is of utmost importance to try to elaborate a clear vision about this innovative technology, seeking to avoid the creation and propagation of myths, which only make the perception and understanding that we have, and to try to find the right balance in terms of the reaches that can have this type of technological trends, and the ways of use that can be given to them, with special emphasis on Computational Thinking. In this paper we present a brief analysis of what Generative Pre-trained Transformer is, as well as some reflections and ideas about the ways in which Large Language Models can influence Computational Thinking, and their possible consequences. In particular, in this paper, we analyze the well-known ChatGPT, presenting an evaluation of the generated text outputs, and its credibility for its use in tasks of common use for Computational Thinking, such as performing an algorithm, its code and solving logical problems.
Analysis of the current context of teaching in higher education to raise awareness in the use of computational thinking
The digital transformation of the last decades has brought many changes and challenges for education, teachers must be alert to all these developments and be in a continuous updating, therefore, it is important to create spaces where they can be trained and thus acquire technical and pedagogical skills to apply in their classes and thus strengthen the computational thinking of their students. Among these technical skills we find decomposition, pattern generalization, abstraction, and algorithmic thinking. Many research and efforts were found that are being made so that from the classroom the teacher contributes to student learning through computational thinking, these researches involve children, adolescents and young people, it is a creative challenge for everyone, as for those who disseminate these new techniques as for those who receive and apply them in all instances not only in the computational. In this article we sought to identify the experience of higher education teachers in their classrooms, to identify the strategies they use and how they perceive their students when receiving instruction; it is identified that most students still expect to receive masterly training, they are not very self-taught and as for the perception of the topics they tend to memorize and forget, since they do not use very often the explicit long-term memory where they make learning conscious and the implicit memory where they learn through experience, both can be strengthened by applying computational thinking. Students should be taught to analyze from computational thinking all the problems of the different subjects and thus their memorization will be explicit conscious, they will not forget, and they will be able to face many challenges of their area of study every day.
Promoting learning motivation through computational thinking
Some subjects are considered to have a high degree of difficulty in students of primary and upper secondary levels. Usually, they are mathematics and physics. Both have become a challenge throughout the planet as the pedagogical demands are becoming increasingly complex in today's society. Prioritizing the theoretical part has always been typical because it improves the ability to generalize and reason new knowledge. However, it hardly contributes to deductive and critical thinking. In addition to this, currently, young people have yet to interest in theoretical subjects. Their attitude needs to be more active, which does not help them want to participate. In order to promote a change of attitude in the youth of section 31 of the 4th semester of the Ing. Pascual Ortiz Rubio High School of the Michoacana University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico, a computational thinking workshop (PC ). The objective was to generate motivation and stimulation of learning. It is known that the PC stimulates the ability to solve problems with its methodology, including creativity, abstraction, reasoning, and critical thinking. For this first workshop, 17 young people participated, whose performance improved throughout the activity, and later, they reduced the time and obtained deductions and automation according to what was planned. At the end of the workshop, the young people were overjoyed, motivated and knew the power of deductive and critical thinking. At this point, the workshop is considered to have met its objective.
The study of computer-related careers is a perfect opportunity for young people due to the high impact that technology has today since there is an increase in job opportunities for qualified personnel in this area. In addition to having a high offer of jobs, most of these are the best paid today. The most encouraging part of preparing in this area is that in the immediate future, it is envisioned to continue with this demand and have a career that will not be absorbed by automation and the development of artificial intelligence. On the other hand, the means of communication where young people can find out about the academic offer are isolated, or they must have a clear idea of a university, or it is generally achieved by recommendation of another professor or by having seen a lecture by a particular professor. Notice that students do not have a general vision of the academic offer. This article presents an initiative to concentrate information on careers related to Computing in Mexico and presents statistics on the data collected. This study aims to present an academic offer to young people in careers related to computing. The academic degrees are bachelor's/engineering, master's, and doctoral. The data presented corresponds to 33 bachelor's/engineering, 30 master's, and 21 doctoral programs. The careers related to computing and information technology most offered in Mexico in 2022 were: computer systems engineering and computer engineering. The information presented here is available at: http://computo.fismat.umich.mx/smcc/mapaComputacion/
Towards equitable computer science education
Currently, equity of access to computer science education represents a challenge: computer science education is indispensable for active participation in a computational world, but current initiatives tend to increase existing gaps due to cultural, socioeconomic and contextual factors. This paper proposes a model for equitable computing education that contributes to the reduction of these gaps through three main strategies: (I) Investigating how students learn in particular contexts; (II) Building teacher capacity to teach computing through professional development programs, while investigating how teachers learn, and how they succeed (or fail) in bringing it to the classroom; and (III) Designing accessible devices for teaching computing. This accessibility includes devices that are low-cost, but that are also versatile, in terms of their appearance, the ways they interact, and the concepts they teach. This article describes the model for equitable computer education, and shows a case study for each of the strategies.
Analysis of the results of the Bebras Colombia 2022 international challenge
The International Challenge on Informatics and Computational Thinking Bebras is a tool used in Colombia to measure students' skills in Computational Thinking, and is an opportunity to reflect on how to improve educational practices using new tools and technology. Science and engineering education focuses on learning and developing skills through the assimilation of content; however, to prepare students for today's world, it is important to stimulate critical and computational thinking. Bebras Colombia had the participation of 2751 and 5191 students between 8 and 21 years old in the years 2021 and 2022 respectively. The results showed that there are easy and difficult pillars by category, and the strongest correlations between pairs of pillars were identified. Significant differences were also found by gender and type of educational institution. The implementation of Bebras in Colombia is an initiative that fosters the development of skills in Computational Thinking, which is fundamental to face the challenges of the current and future world. In addition, it is important that education adapts to new technologies and tools to prepare students for the demands of the labor market and society in general.
Biodegradación de clorpirifos por medio de microbiota autoctona de un embalse de agua potable
El clorpirifos, es un plaguicida aplicado ampliamente en actividades agrícolas. Esta sustancia, puede ser transportado desde el suelo a las aguas superficiales e incluso a las subterráneas por medio de lixiviación y escorrentía debido a las interacciones fisicoquímicas suelo-sustancia. Una vez en los compartimentos ambientales, el clorpirifos puede transformarse mediante reacciones bióticas y abióticas, lo que aumenta los efectos complejos y múltiples sobre la biota. Asi, la biodegradación es una reacción natural importante que reduce los niveles ambientales de plaguicidas y por lo tanto, la microbiota autóctona con alto potencial de biotransformación podría estar relacionada con la persistencia y dinámica del clorpirifos. En este studio, se amnalizó la biodegradación de clorpirifos por medio de microbiota autóctona en agua natural de un embalse. En las muestras se detectaron indicadores bacterianos como Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli y coliformes totales utilizando medio de cultivo selectivo y medio de cultivo diferencial, tales como Pseudalert y Colilert. En medio acuoso con microbiota autóctona, el clorpirifos se transformó en 3,5,6-tricloro-2-piridinol (TCP), y la vida media se estimó en 10,2 h. Los resultados mostraron que estos indicadores bacterianos en el embalse pueden reducir los niveles de clorpirifos en el cuerpo de agua, pero aún se desconoce si el metabolito TCP emerge en el cuerpo de agua con efectos acuáticos.
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Predictive maps from neural networks based on rocks physical properties: case study in the Mesa de Los Santos (Santander)
The Mesa de Los Santos region is known for its continuous development in infrastructure, agriculture, and tourism, especially in the north sector, which has generated a greater demand in the supply of drinking water. Previous geological, hydrological, and geophysical studies highlighted the importance of understanding the physical properties of rocks, as well as their spatial estimation, the reason why we implemented neural network models in this work. The laboratory results for the samples associated with the Los Santos Formation present porosities of up to 25%, while the Rosa Blanca Formation shows values of less than 5% in carbonate units and up to 30% for sandy lithologies. The P-wave velocity for both formations of interest is in a range between 1000 y 6000 . The resistivity values were influenced by the pore fluid (water), obtaining values between for the Los Santos and Rosa Blanca formations. The maps generated by the neural network provided a consistent and accurate geological distribution compared to traditional interpolation methods. However, uncertainty was noted in areas with intense fracturing and weathering, which could affect the results in areas close to geological faults. These findings provide valuable information for geological, hydrogeological, and engineering studies in the region.