LA LLUVIA Y LOS DESLIZAMIENTOS DE TIERRA EN ANTIOQUIA: ANÁLISIS DE SU OCURRENCIA EN LAS ESCALAS INTERANUAL, INTRAANUAL Y DIARIA
LA LLUVIA Y LOS DESLIZAMIENTOS DE TIERRA EN ANTIOQUIA: ANÁLISIS DE SU OCURRENCIA EN LAS ESCALAS INTERANUAL, INTRAANUAL Y DIARIA
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Se estudia la relación entre la lluvia y los deslizamientos reportados en el departamento de Antioquia para el período comprendido entre 1929 y 1999. Se realiza la georreferenciación de 405 deslizamientos posiblemente producidos por lluvia en la región de estudio y se efectúa el análisis de la ocurrencia de los deslizamientos durante las fases cálida y fría del fenómeno ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) y el ciclo intraanual de la precipitación en Colombia. La Niña, en la escala interanual, y los dos períodos más lluviosos sobre la zona andina, en la escala intraanual, favorecen un incremento en el número de deslizamientos de tierra. Mediante análisis de la precipitación diaria acumulada en estaciones cercanas al sitio de cada deslizamiento, se propone un umbral de lluvia y se describen las posibles combinaciones de lluvia acumulada antecedente. Las condiciones de lluvia más comunes para el desencadenamiento de un movimiento de suelo tienen que ver con altas cantidades de lluvia acumulada en el mediano plazo (15 días o más). Este estudio constituye un primer acercamiento al modelamiento de la lluvia y su influencia sobre los deslizamientos de tierra, lo cual puede dar apoyo a las autoridades en prevención de desastres para declarar estados de alerta ante condiciones de superación de umbrales de lluvia. El análisis tiene que complementarse considerando las condiciones geotécnicas, morfológicas, hidráulicas y antropogénicas propias de cada lugar para tener una visión integral del fenómeno de los deslizamientos.
Abstract: Relationship between rain and reported landslides in the department of Antioquia for the period of 1929 to 1999 is studied. The georeference of 405 landslides possibly produced by rain is made, on the region of study. The analysis of the occurrence of landslides during the warm and cold phases of ENSO phenomenon (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and the behavior of the intra-annual cycle are described. La Niña, on interannual scale, and the two rainiest periods in Andean zone, on intra-annual scale, contribute to increase the number of landslides per year. Analysis of precipitation data associated with historical landslide events in Antioquia has resulted in the identification of precipitation thresholds for the initiation of landslides and the possible combinations of preceding accumulated rain are described. The data indicated that the cumulative precipitation (15 days or more) influences the amount of subsequent 3-day precipitation that is needed to initiate ground movement. This study constitutes a first intend toward rain modeling and its influence on landslides occurrence which can help authorities on disasters prevention to declare states of emergency by conditions of threshold exceed. The analysis must be complemented having into account geotechnical, morphological, hydraulics, and anthropogenic conditions own to each place to have an integral view of the landslide phenomenon.
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