DEGRADABILIDAD DE UN POLÍMERO DE ALMIDÓN DE YUCA (DEGRADABILITY OF A TAPIOCA STARCH POLYMER)
DEGRADABILIDAD DE UN POLÍMERO DE ALMIDÓN DE YUCA (DEGRADABILITY OF A TAPIOCA STARCH POLYMER)
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El uso de materiales poliméricos se ha incrementado debido a sus buenas propiedades y bajo costo, como resultado, la cantidad de estos materiales que llega a los rellenos sanitarios ha aumentado hasta llegar hoy en día al 30 %. Como una solución a este problema, se han desarrollado los polímeros biodegradables, que en comparación con los sintéticos son degradados en el ambiente al ser expuestos a ciertas condiciones en un tiempo más corto. En esta investigación se estudia la degradabilidad de un polímero fabricado con almidón de yuca, para esto se hace una caracterización del material y se somete a diferentes medios como agua dulce y salada, luz solar y la simulación de un relleno sanitario por varios períodos. Para determinar la degradabilidad del material se midió el porcentaje de mineralización, así como cambios en las propiedades mecánicas, morfología superficial, absorbancia en IR y pérdida de peso, dependiendo del tipo de medio. De los resultados obtenidos se encontró que el polímero es degradado al estar sometido a la simulación de relleno sanitario, agua salada y, en menor medida, a la luz solar, en tanto que en el agua dulce el polímero no se degrada.
Abstract: The use of polymeric materials has been increased due to their good properties and low cost. As a result, the amount of plastic that gets to landfills has increased until 30 %. As a solution to this problem, biodegradable polymers have been developed; and compared to synthetic polymers, they are degraded in the environment when exposed to certain conditions in a shorter period. One of the raw materials that is widely used in the manufacturing of biodegradable materials is starch. In this research study, the biodegradability of a polymer made of tapioca starch has been studied. To determine this, the polymer has been characterized and exposed to salt and fresh water, sunlight and a simulation of a landfill for a series of periods. To determine its biodegradability, percentage of mineralization was measured as well as changes in tensile properties, superficial morphology, IR absorption and weight loss depending on the type of environment. From the results it was found that the polymer is degraded by being subjected to simulated landfill, salt water and to a lesser extent in sunlight, while in fresh water it does not get degraded.
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